Spectrum analyser enhancement.

Anritsu Company is expanding the analysis bandwidth along with the addition of a Tracking Generator option for the Field Master Spectrum Analysers. These spectrum analysers provide benchtop performance in a ruggedised handheld battery power format that has made them indispensable for RF engineers working in a wide range of communication industries.

A new software release further enhances their capability, especially for users in the aerospace and security services who need to capture IQ data. A new software option expands the analysis bandwidth to 150 MHz enabling the widest capture range in any handheld instrument. Capturing IQ data for post processing and analysis has become an essential tool for engineers who need to gain the maximum insight into potentially illegal or unrecognised signals. Their complimentary MX280005A IQ Signal Master software has been updated to support the wider capture bandwidth.

An additional benefit of the enhanced analysis bandwidth is that the Real Time Spectrum Analyser (RTSA) now has an industry leading maximum span of 150 MHz. An RTSA has become the essential tool for monitoring interference in the RF spectrum as well as detecting intermittent or transient signals.

A Tracking Generator option has been added to the Field Master MS2080A instruments. This fully featured option provides for sweeping amplifiers and filters in the field including diplexers and tower mount amplifiers commonly found on commercial radio transmitters. An offset tracking feature expands the use cases to include conversion loss and bandwidth measurements on downconverters and mixers commonly found at satellite ground stations and radar sites.

Additional enhancements included in the new software release include decoding of LTE and 5G Country Codes and Network Operator name, automated smart THD measurements and side-by-side display of signal strength from two different radio networks following a coverage mapping drive.

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Optical Spectrum Analyzer for Mid-wave Infrared Measurements.

Yokogawa Test & Measurement Corporation has released the AQ6377E optical spectrum analyzer for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) measurements. While inheriting the world-class optical performance of the preceding AQ6377 model, the AQ6377E offers a number of new features and functions that enhance speed, accuracy, and capability, enabling it to meet a broader spread of laser application demands, including environmental measurement.

“We listen intently to the requests of our customers,” says Terry Marrinan, VP Sales & Marketing at Yokogawa Test & Measurement. “Understanding their challenges helps us develop solutions that overcome complex measurements tasks, while simultaneously driving efficiency and ease-of-use to save both time and money. Our new AQ6377E is no exception. We received requests for faster measurement speeds, the ability to perform pulsed light measurements under various conditions, and a better way to evaluate side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) than is available using Fourier Transform optical spectrum analyzer (FT-OSA) instruments. The AQ6377E provides the solution to these issues.”

In recent years, there has been increasing demand from researchers and developers of MWIR lasers for an optical spectrum analyzer that can quickly and precisely analyze the wavelength spectrum of lasers, including their side modes, especially in the 5μm band. This led to the launch in 2020 of the current AQ6377 model.

New Features.
As the successor model to the AQ6377, the AQ6377E optical spectrum analyzer presents users with a number of new functions and specifications.

For instance, the AQ6377E offers improved performance of the built-in chopper - a device that modulates light by periodically interrupting light rays with a vane that rotates at a constant speed - , which operates automatically according to the measurement sensitivity setting. Specifically, Yokogawa has added the NORMAL/CHOP and MID/CHOP measurement sensitivity settings, which apply the lock-in detection function to the intermediate NORMAL and MID sensitivities of the previous model. This capability reduces the impact of background noise when measuring MWIR light spectra and allows faster and more accurate measurement compared with the previous AQ6377.

The AQ6377E also offers much wider pulsed light measurement capabilities thanks to the addition of a new function, ‘advanced pulsed light measurement mode’. This enhancement provides engineers with improved ability to measure pulsed light with low-repetition frequencies that were previously impossible to achieve using the AQ6377.

In laser evaluation, simultaneous measurement over a wide level range was a clear performance advantage of the previous AQ6377. The new AQ6377E adds to this with a dynamic measurement range for the simultaneous measurement of a laser’s optical spectrum. This improvement ensures engineers can accurately evaluate the SMSR, an index of laser performance, which is difficult to achieve with an FT-OSA.

The AQ6377E Optical Spectrum Analyzer meets the CE marking requirements.

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Self-contained microwave spectrum monitor.

The latest innovation from Anritsu enables users to integrate their well known spectrum analysis technology into any platform or system. Their MS27200A is a self-contained microwave spectrum monitor module that goes all the way from 9 kHz up to 54 GHz with onboard processing. The module has 110 MHz Real-Time Spectrum Analysis (RTSA) bandwidth with a DANL of -164 dBm (with preamp), which means the module is capable of receiving the most faint and intermittent signals.

The MS27200A can be used in systems for aerospace, satellite, and system integrators for various markets. The microwave spectrum monitor module is designed to be integrated into a system from the ground up. Anritsu is proud to enable the user the ability to integrate best-in-class spectrum analysis performance into their own system.

The MS27200A is a self-contained unit designed to be part of a larger system. The module can perform VSA-type measurements, such as 5G and LTE measurements. It is the perfect tool for adding spectrum awareness into any platform looking for interference or coverage mapping. With RTSA capabilities, users can monitor the RF environment without missing any intermittent signals. In addition, the module has the ability to capture and stream IQ signal components of unknown signals for future analysis. The MS27200A can stream and capture the IQ in full 32-bit and at 110 MHz bandwidth. This means the module can capture in great detail a large bandwidth of signals of interest in a single go without the need to combine or stitch IQ data.

In dynamic environments, a reliable sensor package to monitor the RF spectrum can be critical for operations, and the MS27200A combines Anritsu's decades of experience into a single package. The module is packed with features that can be accessed with SCPI commands.

Highlighted Features and Advantages: • Versatile and easy to integrate: The module is self-contained, and there is no need to integrate an additional PC into the system. The module uses standard SCPI commands to control the unit, so there is no need for additional software. The module has onboard storage as well, allowing for simple integration and quickly allowing the users to start collecting data. • Great performance out of the box: The frequency range is from 9 kHz to 54 GHz with up to 110 MHz of analysis bandwidth. In addition, the unit has RTSA capabilities as well as the ability to store and stream IQ data at 32-bit and 110 MHz bandwidth. Furthermore, it has VSA measurements such as WCDMA, LTE, 5G, AM/FM, and other quality measurements built into the unit. • Proven reliability: Anritsu has been making spectrum analyzers for decades, and we are providing this experience to integrators via MS27200A. With the MS27200A, users won't be chasing a ghost such as input-related spurs or need to spend significant time wondering if the module is working properly.

The MS27200A microwave spectrum monitor module is unique; it is designed from the ground up to be integrated into other systems and platforms. It strikes a fine balance between performance, usability, and reliability.

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Characterising gas detecting light source.

One of the most effective tools in the fight against air pollution and carbon emissions is the technique of gas absorption spectrometry. Used to detect gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂)and nitrogen oxide (NO), the technique is widely used in factories and processing plants, including semiconductor fabrication plants.

Gas absorption spectrometry takes advantage of the optical properties of gases in the Mid Wavelength Infra-Red (MWIR) wavelength band. Many gases of interest absorb light at a specific wavelength, with tuned lasers being a common light source – when compared to a reference medium, a gas of interest will absorb some of the laser light, and the detected optical power of the source will be reduced.

The value of the absorption peak allows the accurate detection and identification of a specific gas.

MicroPhotons, based in Shanghai (CN), is a distributor of optical products as well as supporting its customers in the development of optical technology applications such as spectrometry and gas analysis and detection. The company was approached by a customer to help it with a project that called for accurate measurement of optical systems in the MWIR portion of the spectrum.

The challenge for MicroPhotons was that existing technologies for detecting gas absorption rates require the use of liquid nitrogen to cool the emitters. MicroPhotons planned to replace the super-cooled emitters with a super-continuum light source, allowing gas absorption measurements to be performed at room temperature.

Although more convenient and saving a large amount of test time, this approach requires very high measurement accuracy in the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) used to characterize the light source. The gases to be monitored had absorption peaks at wavelengths across the whole MWIR spectrum, from 1.9 to 5.5 μm - most OSAs are designed for use in telecoms systems, which only require measurement of wavelengths up to 1.7 μm.

MicroPhotons was looking for a single instrument that could cover the entire MWIR spectrum. This could dramatically reduce test time and effort, avoiding the need to set up and calibrate more than one measurement instrument when testing equipment for the detection of gases with different absorption peaks. They chose the AQ6377 OSA from Yokogawa to meet its customer’s needs. Across the 1.9 to 5.5 μm range, the AQ6377 is the only OSA capable of analyzing the entire wavelength spectrum.

The AQ6377 is the latest version of the Yokogawa AQ6300 series of OSAs. The world’s first OSA offering side mode analysis of MWIR lasers, it offers extended wavelength coverage into the MWIR region from 1.9 to 5.5 μm. Its long wavelength range makes the AQ6377 ideal for environmental sensing and medical applications.

The device also achieves wavelength measurement accuracy of ±0.5 nm and provides a close-in dynamic range of 50 dB, thanks to the sharp spectral characteristics of the AQ6377’s monochromator. This means that signals in close proximity can be clearly separated and accurately measured.

According to Mr Wang, CEO of MicroPhotons, the AQ6377 OSA has provided outstandingly accurate measurement of the emissions of both tunable lasers and the super-continuum light source. This accuracy was proved by a measurement exercise performed after characterization of the super-continuum light source using the AQ6377. Mr Wang says that MicroPhotons ran measurements of the absorption of emissions from the characterized super-continuum light source. ‘We measured the absorption spectra of a range of gases including C₂H₂, C₃H₆, C₂H₈, and NH₃.

‘The measurement results very closely tracked the data provided by the SpectraPlot online tool, which provides a reference for the optical characteristics of gases. This gave us great confidence that the measurement output from the AQ6377, on the basis of which we characterized the light source, is extremely accurate and repeatable over its very broad measurement bandwidth.’

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Interference measurement.

Enhanced functionality to Anritsu's Field Master™ spectrum analyzer LTE and 5G measurement options has been announced. As the rollout and densification of 5G networks accelerates, degradation of network performance resulting from interference in the TDD uplink is becoming more prominent. The latest Field Master software release provides a dual display of the LTE or 5G Frame structure with automatic placement of gates on the Uplink slots alongside the RF spectrum of the gated time slots.

For 5G networks with a coastal or mountainous terrain, RF downlink transmissions readily become subject to atmospheric tropospheric ducting. Signals can travel hundreds of kilometers, resulting in a time offset relative to the far-end base station. The result is downlink power masking the uplink signals from user equipment. It is also essential that there is a common frame slot format deployed on all operator networks in a country, and ideally at international borders. The new uplink interference measurement includes configurations for the common frame slot formats recommended by international standards organizations, including GSMA, ITU-R, and ECC/CEPT.

Anritsu’s Field Master spectrum analyzer with LTE and 5G measurement options are the preferred test instrument for regulators and operators globally. The addition of this uplink interference measurement enhances its value by providing detailed insights into the common causes of interference in new TDD networks.

5G and LTE measurements are options for the Field Master Pro MS2090A covering FR1 and FR2 frequency bands and the new Field Master MS2080A for FR1 only networks. In addition to 5G and LTE measurements, a Real Time Spectrum Analyzer captures the detailed transmitter spectrum, and a cable and antenna analyzer accessory facilitates sweeping of feeder cables.

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Visible wavelength and optical spectrum analysers.

The AQ6373E visible wavelength and AQ6374E wide range optical spectrum analyzers has been released by Yokogawa Test & Measurement. Designed as successors to the AQ6373B and AQ6374, which feature high resolution and close-in dynamic range, the new analyzers offer the same high level of performance as well as features that improve operability to meet a variety of optical spectrum measurement needs in both R&D and production settings.

Development Background.
Leveraging the technologies and expertise that it has acquired over the past 40 plus years in this field, Yokogawa has designed the AQ6373E and AQ6374E to meet the growing need to test new optical devices and components in the visible to near-infrared wavelength bands for medical, biological, and material processing applications. The new models improve usability while inheriting the high wavelength resolution and wide close-in dynamic range of the current AQ6373B and AQ6374 models, which have been highly evaluated as laser spectrum measuring instruments.

Both the AQ6373E and AQ6374E meet the CE marking requirements.

In the medical and bio fields, light-emitting devices are being increasingly used due to their accuracy and non-invasiveness, which in turn demands precision measurement during development. For the manufacturing of semiconductors, the characterization and quality testing of lasers used in the production process also requires measurement by a high-performance optical spectrum analyzer. Meanwhile, given the widespread use of tablets and smartphones, users have come to expect a touch-based and intuitive interface that enables even those who are not familiar with the various settings and functions of optical spectrum analyzers to easily perform optical spectrum tests. The Yokogawa AQ6373E and AQ6374E fit the bill.

Main Features.
The AQ6373E optical spectrum covers the same wavelength range between 350 nm and 1200 nm as the current AQ6373B. In addition to a standard performance model, the lineup now includes a high-resolution model optimized for laser evaluation applications and a limited model designed for production testing applications.

The AQ6374E optical spectrum analyzer can be used not only for the evaluation of light-emitting devices such as lasers but also for the characterization of optical fibers. It offers the high optical performance of the previous AQ6374 model, providing the industry's only wide measurement wavelength range (350 - 1750 nm).

The new optical spectrum analyzers both feature improved usability, including an APP mode designed to speed up customers' R&D and production testing tasks. APP mode provides a device under test (DUT) specific user interface that navigates the user from configuration setting to the output of test results, so that even customers who are unfamiliar with optical spectrum analyzers can use them easily. They are also equipped with a large LCD touch panel, making operation even easier and more intuitive.

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Optical spectrum analyzer enhanced.

The measurement function (MS9740B-020) for Optical Spectrum Analyzer MS9740B has been introduced by Anritsu. This function evaluates a pulsed Laser Diode (LD) chip. New solution reduces the test time for pulsed LD chip, contributing to improved production efficiency of high-power LD chip.

Rugged Design for Any Environment • Reduced tact time for pulsed LD chips - The new MS97040B-020 solution accelerates optical spectrum evaluation by eliminating the need for a trigger signal. • Assured measurement reproducibility for even high-power LD chips - This solution assures measurement reproducibility of ±1.4 dB (and ±1.8 dB with MS9740B-020 installed), for Side Mode Suppression Ratio (SMSR). Low SMSR variation improves the LD chip yield and helps production efficiency.

LD chip manufacturers and optical equipment vendors evaluate the optical spectrum of LD chips during manufacturing. Market demand for high-power LD chips is driven by higher communication bit rates and longer LiDAR detection ranges. In addition, new use cases, such as External Laser Small Pluggable (ELSFP) modules for Co-packaged Optics applications, are expected to accelerate demand. The continuous wave (CW) output from a high-power LD chip suffers power drift and wavelength shift as the chip temperature rises. This is prevented by suppressing the temperature rise by using pulsed LD chips. However, current testing of pulsed LD chips during production takes longer because an external trigger signal is required to synchronize with the pulsed LD chip.

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Extended frequency range for Spectrum Analyser.

The Field Master™ MS2080A, a multi-functional spectrum analyzer that combines nine instruments into a single solution from Anritsu, has been expanderd to operate up to 6 GHz. With extended frequency coverage, the MS2080A addresses growing congestion in the 6 GHz spectrum caused by rapid growth in satellite services; cellular, commercial and LMR networks; radio location services; and industrial scientific and medical networks. 

The compact and portable spectrum analyzer provides insights into interference and intermodulation that degrade network performance through its best-in-class performance and features, bringing distinct benefits to base station installation and maintenance (I&M) applications.

At 6 GHz, the MS2080A features fast sweep speed of 45 GHz/s for greater insight over wider spans. It also has advanced user features, such as AM/FM audio demodulation, and best-in-class RF performance, including +/- 1 dB amplitude accuracy. Additionally, it supports a cable and antenna analyzer, power meter, and 5G/LTE analysis to make it an ideal general-purpose instrument that addresses measurement requirements for legacy and emerging wireless networks.

Options Expand Measurement Capability.
Simultaneous with the launch of the MS2080A 6 GHz frequency model, Anritsu announces a new AM/FM modulation quality measurement option for all instruments in the Field Master family. The option enables full characterization of broadcast transmitters, as required by national regulators and transmitter owners. It provides a single screen display of RF spectrum, audio spectrum, and audio oscilloscope, alongside modulation quality and distortion values.

An optional real time spectrum analyzer (RTSA) provides real-time spectrum analysis with 2 µs probability of intercept (POI). The RTSA has up to 40 MHz analysis bandwidth and DANL of <-150 allow="" and="" be="" can="" captured="" capturing="" dbm="" digitally="" displayed.="" drifting="" for="" hard="" identify.="" intermittent="" irregular="" it="" making="" modulated="" p="" recorded="" signals="" spectrograms="" that="" to="" well-suited=""> The MS2080A conducts a full range of measurements for 5G FR1 radios to support I&M of 5G New Radio (NR) and LTE base stations. Gated sweep analysis for transmitter quality measurements to accurately verify FR1 carriers with 100 MHz bandwidth is provided. The MS2080A offers full-channel, power-based, and 5G/LTE modulation quality measurement-based coverage mapping for accurate Over-the-Air (OTA) testing.

Rugged Design for Any Environment.
The MS2080A is a highly durable analyzer that performs in the most challenging environments. It is the only instrument in its class to provide 5 watts of continuous RF input overload protection, preventing costly damage to the instrument’s front-end when used close to high power transmitters or in high signal level environment.

A large 10-inch 1280 x 800 resolution display meets the demanding IK08 specification for direct knocks and drops. Common functions are always accessible from the MS2080A display, and side menus collapse to maximize graphical results.

A soft case provides IP52 environmental protection to safeguard the instrument during transport or rain. Weighing less than 4 kg, the MS2080A is small, compact, and easy to carry.

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General-Purpose RF testing.

The Field Master™ MS2070A handheld spectrum analyzers has been introduced by Anritsu. This provides the performance and field-proven durable platform of Anritsu’s Field Master family at an economical price. Providing necessary features and performance up to 3 GHz, the MS2070A conducts reliable and accurate RF measurements in a variety of general-purpose field, lab, and manufacturing environments.

With dynamic range of >105 dB at 2.4 GHz, typical DANL with a built-in optional preamplifier of -167dBm, coupled with a Third Order Intercept (TOI) of +11 dBm, and typical level accuracy of ±0.5 dB enable a full range of signals to be analyzed by the handheld spectrum analyzer.

The MS2070A is designed for standard swept spectrum analysis up to 3 GHz. It features sweep speeds of up to 32 GHz/s in common low noise configurations. A number of “smart” measurements, including occupied bandwidth (OBW), channel power, and adjacent channel power (ACP), are standard in the Field Master MS2070A.

The Field Master MS2070A provides many capabilities typically found in higher priced instruments. A zero span displays TDD and pulsed signals with narrow resolution bandwidth (RBW) of 10 Hz to 5 MHz for accurate measurements of power over time. Spectrograms are also standard for accurate detection of intermittent interferers.

As many as 6 traces can be set simultaneously with different detectors. Averaging can be applied to each, as well. Up to 12 markers are provided, so signals of interest can be highlighted and monitored how they vary over time, relative to themselves and other signals. Alerts for new interfering or lost signals are generated automatically. For long-term spectrum monitoring applications, the MS2070A has upper/lower, envelope, and alarm limits standard.

A ruggedized battery-powered instrument, the Field Master MS2070A has IP52 environmental protection when it is contained in the supplied soft carry case. A 5-watts RF input damage level protects the instrument from accidental overpower.

The handheld spectrum analyzer also has a durable IK08-rated 10-inch display with 1280x800 resolution that displays measurement results in large and clear formats. Common functions are always accessible and side menus collapse to maximize graphical results, as well.

The MS2070A measures 290 x 212 x 96 (mm) and weighs 3.8 kg. Its compact size and light weight make it easy to transport the handheld analyzer to remote sites.

Ethernet and USBTMC interfaces are standard on the Field Master MS2070A. A Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/a/n interface is available as an option to connect to wireless routers for common applications, including downloading digital maps and automatic software updates.

The Field Master MS2070A can be used for a variety of field applications. It can conduct basic transmitter testing, as well as interference hunting. Cellular network operators can configure the MS2070A with a PIM stick for PIM hunting, as well. In lab and manufacturing environments in which portability and space are at a premium, the MS2070A can be used for standard RF measurements.

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Spectrum analyzer is top test Instrument.

Anritsu Company's Field Master Pro™ MS2090A real-time spectrum analyzer has been named the winner in the Network Test & Measurement category Fierce Innovation Award – Telecom Edition 2022. The instrument was recognized by a panel of judges based on criteria that included the instrument’s ability to make a positive, innovative, real-world impact on the telecom industry.

Product Outline. The Field Master Pro MS2090A delivers performance never previously available in a compact, handheld instrument. With continuous frequency coverage from 9 kHz to 54 GHz, the MS2090A is specifically designed to meet the test challenges of a full range of wireless technologies in use today, including 5G, LTE, wireless backhaul, aerospace/defense, satellite systems, and radar.

“Earning a Fierce Innovation Award acknowledges the exceptional efforts of our engineering and support teams who developed the MS2090A. Field Master Pro brings best-in-class performance into the field and addresses current and future testing needs in a wide range of commercial, private, and government use cases,” said Wayne Wong, Anritsu Product Marketing Manager.

The Fierce Innovation Awards seek to recognize the creators, makers, and doers of outstanding services and equipment unveiled in the past 12 months. It is intended to promote the competitive spirit and initiative to spark new design, development and distribution of inventive solutions; find revolutionary tech or services; and to acknowledge and honor the most visionary operators, service providers, and vendors for their commitment to next-gen business and consumer offerings.

Portable and lab-based hardware and software or centralized solutions for testing, management and maintenance of telecommunications networks were eligible for the Network Test and Measurement award. Judges evaluated all applications based on ease of use/ROI, effectiveness, technical innovation, competitive advantage, financial impact, and true innovation.

To meet emerging market needs, Anritsu recently introduced the IQ Signal Master™ MX280005A Vector Signal Analysis (VSA) software that delivers expanded post processing measurements and analysis of IQ data files captured on the MS2090A. A comprehensive suite of enhanced functions in the new VSA software allows users to analyze the modulation of captured signals or replay the captured IQ data with enhanced resolution.

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Verify active and passive devices more efficiently and accurately.

Anritsu Company has enhanced its VectorStar™ vector network analyser (VNA) family with comprehensive spectrum analysis capability creating the world’s first single sweep VNA-spectrum analyser solution that supports 70 kHz to 220 GHz.* With the spectrum analyser option installed, VectorStar can conduct single connection VNA and spectrum-based measurements to create a more efficient and accurate testing environment to verify active and passive devices during the design, troubleshooting, or characterization stages.

The spectrum analyser option is compatible with all baseband VectorStar models – broadband and banded system configurations. Integrating VNA/spectrum analyser capability provides engineers with an innovative method to quickly transfer a challenging VNA measurement to the spectrum analyser – without changing the test setup or using multiple instruments. It is particularly beneficial for applications involving mixers and amplifiers, including those with multiple outputs or input-output comparisons.

Simultaneous, sequential S-parameter and spectrum analysis are possible with the VNA-spectrum analyser instrument. Spectral domain measurements of harmonics, spurious, other distortion products, and general frequency content can be made effectively with the single-instrument solution. It allows engineers to analyze VNA-like and spectrum-analyser-like response of a device under test (DUT).

The VNA-spectrum analyser solution is ideal for on-wafer measurements, as it leverages VectorStar’s inherent advantages of making a direct connection to an on-wafer device. Mounting and demounting of on-wafer devices, which can cause major errors in measurement, are eliminated with the solution. Power calibration can be conducted at the probe tip for greater accuracy and repeatability.

Engineers can also use the VNA source as a stimulus and any port as a receiver for scalar measurements. Using the multiple test ports on the VNA delivers multi-channel spectrum analysis that is synchronized with the internal swept signal generators. Spectrum analysis for broadband and banded is also available with Anritsu or other millimeter (mmWave) modules.

Two configurations are available in the spectrum analyser option. The standard VNA mode supports point-based spectrum analysis for faster measurements, making it well suited for known signal analysis. For unknown signal analysis, the solution can be configured with a traditional sweep-based spectrum analyser.

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* This spectrum analyser (and other Anritsu products) will be on display at the European Microwave Week will be taking place in Milan, Italy between the 25 and 30 September 2022.

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Optical spectrum analysers.

Combines short and mid wavelength infrared with extreme optical precision to aid development of measurement lasers.

Yokogawa has launched two new optical spectrum analyzers (OSAs) to fulfil market demands for an instrument capable of measuring a wide range of wavelengths to meet new needs in optical product development and manufacturing. The Yokogawa AQ6375E and AQ6376E are the only grating based OSAs covering SWIR (Short-Wavelength InfraRed) over 2 μm and MWIR (Mid-Wavelength InfraRed) over 3 μm with world class optical performance.

Building on the pedigree of Yokogawa’s AQ6375B and AQ6376 OSAs, the new OSAs are offered in four versions.

1. The AQ6375E Standard has a wavelength range of 1200-2400nm;
2. the AQ6375E Extended Wavelength version has a wavelength range of 1000-2500nm;
3. the AQ6375E Limited version has a wavelength range of 1200-2400nm (with reduced wavelength resolution);
4. and the AQ6376E Standard has a wavelength range of 1500-3400nm.

The choice of wavelengths available gives developers increased flexibility to apply the OSAs in a wide range of applications. These include environmental measurement and gas sensing, where the AQ637xE can be used in the measurement of gas absorption spectra and the characterization of light sources used in Laser Absorption Spectroscopy.

Other major uses for the new OSAs are medical care and biotechnology and industrial laser applications. Typical applications will include the development and measurement of lasers; the characterization of broadband light sources such as supercontinuum light sources; optical passive devices; and optical fibres.

“The new AQ637xE has been launched to give developers and manufacturers greater flexibility in the range of wavelengths they can measure, all in one highly accurate and very useable family of OSAs,” says Terry Marrinan, Yokogawa Test&Measurement’s Vice President & Chief Marketing Officer. “The AQ637xE will extend the number of optical products that can be analyzed, both in development applications and in production, bringing feature rich, high accuracy measurement to all stages of the process.”

The AQ637xE incorporates numerous features that contribute to achieving maximum accuracy. The free space optical input offers single-mode fiber for the SWIR and MWIR regions and MMF (up to 400 µm) on the same OSA. The small variation in insertion loss at the input connector increases measurement repeatability, while the lack of physical contact with the connecting fibers ensures they avoid damage.

Also included is a built-in calibration light source for optical alignment and wavelength calibration. This maintains high optical performance by compensating for deviations in the optical axis caused by vibrations and impacts and wavelength deviation caused by changes in ambient temperature.

The AQ637xE also uses an air purging feature to compensate for another cause of possible error. In the SWIR and MWIR region, there are wavelengths where light shows strong absorptions due to the presence of water vapor and carbon dioxide, which can both disturb the spectral measurement. By continuously supplying pure purge gas such as nitrogen to the monochromator through dedicated connectors on the back panel, the AQ637xE can reduce the influence of light absorptions on the measurement.

High order diffracted light is also compensated for through a built-in cut filter in all versions except the AQ6375E-01 limited model. This is required because the monochromator generates high order diffracted light, which has wavelengths equal to the integral multiples of the input wavelength. The built-in filters reduce this higher-order diffracted light, minimizing its influence on the accuracy of the measurement.

To analyze results, the AQ637xE has built-in analysis functions to characterize optical spectrum from a variety of optical systems and devices, such as WDM system, DFB-LD, EDFA, and filters.

Analysis functions include: DFB-LD; FP-LD; LED; Spectral width (peak/notch); SMSR; Optical power; WDM (OSNR); EDFA (Gain and NF); Filter (peak/bottom) and WDM filter (peak/bottom). To improve measurement efficiency and productivity, the AQ637xE features an application (APP) mode, transforming a versatile OSA into a machine dedicated to a device under test (DUT).

APP mode provides a DUT-specific user interface that allows the user to move from configuration settings to test results without the need to know the wide variety of OSA settings. The AQ637xE comes pre-installed with several basic applications such as WDM test, DFB-LD test, and FP-LD test. A guide through wizard leads the user through an easy set up process for specific measurements and analysis.

New or additional testing applications will be made available for download from the Yokogawa website and can be added to the AQ637xE by future firmware updates. Enhanced user friendliness is achieved with the unit’s high-resolution, responsive 10.4-inch multi-touch capacitive LCD touchscreen, which makes operating the device even simpler and more intuitive.

Users can change measurement conditions, perform analysis and change the optical spectrum view as simply as operating a tablet device. The AQ637xE’s screen design and intuitive operability is inherited from Yokogawa’s best-selling optical spectrum analyzer. This proven interface has served the needs of many thousands of users around the world in areas such as R&D testing and manufacturing testing.

Usability is further improved by the addition of frequently used keys to the hardware keys on the front panel. These include keys for sweep control (Auto/Single/Repeat/Stop), resolution setting, and sensitivity setting.

The AQ637xE also features USB ports that are compatible with a USB storage device, mouse and keyboard. Data and screenshots can be saved to internal memory or USB storage to create test reports, while connecting a mouse or keyboard to the USB port allows the AQ637xE to be operated in the same way as a PC.

The standard LAN port allows convenient access to files stored in the internal memory as well as allowing remote firmware updates from a PC. The APP function also supports a fiber inspection probe, allowing users to visualize the quality of the fiber connector surface.

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Precise optical spectrum analyser.

Yokogawa has launched a new optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) designed to offer the extreme high precision demanded by researchers developing the next generation of optical communication components.

With the exponential growth in the Internet of Things, as well as cloud computing services, video broadcasting and conferencing, and the rise in access to mobile broadband, demand for data capacity will expand hugely over the next few years. High capacity optical backhaul networks will be needed to serve this growing traffic density. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical multiplexing technology used to increase bandwidth over the existing fiber network.

As data hungry applications push the performance requirements of DWDM systems, telecommunication channels become ever more closely spaced, making it more difficult to separate the individual channels in the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) analysis on an OSA.

The Yokogawa AQ6380 OSA offers unequaled optical performance to allow engineers and scientists to develop and improve the speed, bandwidth and quality of the next generation of communication networks, while its ease of use ensures it can be operated quickly and efficiently.

“The AQ6380 is demonstrably the world’s best grating based OSA, outperforming its nearest competing solution on wavelength accuracy, resolution, dynamic range, and actual measurement speed,” says Terry Marrinan, Yokogawa Test & Measurement’s Vice President, Marketing. “The new product also offers a highly capable alternative to other measurement technologies, comparing favorably on wavelength range and actual dynamic range, and offering superior measurement speed and application adaptability, as well as a highly competitive price.”

The AQ6380 has excellent optical wavelength resolution down to 5 picometers (pm), allowing optical signals in close proximity to be clearly separated and accurately measured. With the AQ6380, waveforms that were previously not even visible in a typical OSA, such as modulation side peaks in the laser spectrum, can now be accurately visualized. It also offers a wavelength range of 1200 to 1650 nm, allowing one unit to meet diverse wavelength measurement needs. With the ability to alter the wavelength resolution from 5 pm to 2 nm, a wide range of applications can be supported, from narrowband peak/notch measurements to wideband spectral measurements.

A major challenge for optical researchers has been maintaining the accuracy of their instruments, with ambient temperature change, vibrations, and shock all potentially affecting the measurement accuracy of optical spectrum analyzers.

To maintain consistently high accuracy, the AQ6380 features on board calibration based on a built-in light source. Wavelength calibration is automatically performed at set intervals by switching the optical path with an internal optical switch. Another important parameter in optical waveform analysis is close-in dynamic range, defined as the difference in power level measured from the peak of the signal to the noise at a specific distance from the peak wavelength.

The AQ6380 features a newly designed monochromator with sharper spectral characteristics than previously available, achieving a close-in dynamic range of up to 65 dB. The result is that signals in close proximity can be clearly separated and accurately measured. The new monochromator also offers very high stray light suppression, an important criterion in optical measurement. For example, in situations such as laser SMSR measurement, where several optical spectra with different levels are measured at the same time, the stray light may interfere with the measurement. The AQ6380 offers a best-in-class stray light suppression value of 80 dB.

Fast measurement speed is another major benefit, with the AQ6380 capturing data points in only 0.23 seconds compared to 5.4 seconds for the existing model (AQ6370D) in certain conditions.

The new AQ6380 is also designed for ease and efficiency of use, ensuring the measurement scheme can be set up rapidly and data can be acquired easily. The high-resolution, responsive 10.4-inch touchscreen LCD makes the device as easy and intuitive to operate as a tablet.

When it comes to analyzing results, the AQ6380 has built-in analysis functions to characterize optical spectrum from a variety of optical systems and devices, such as WDM system, DFB-LD, EDFA, and filters.

Analysis functions include: DFB-LD; FP-LD; LED; Spectral width (peak/notch); SMSR; Optical power; WDM (OSNR); EDFA (Gain and NF); Filter (peak/bottom) and WDM filter (peak/bottom). The AQ6380 also features an application menu “APP mode”, which makes measurement set-up much easier. Pushing the APP button brings up an overview of the pre-installed testing apps – WDM, DFB-LD, FP-LD and LED testing. A guide through wizard leads the user through an easy set up process for specific measurements and analysis.

New or additional testing applications will be made available for download from the Yokogawa website and can be added to the AQ6380 by future firmware updates.

@Yokogawa_EU  @Yokogawa @NapierPR #TandM 

Spectrum analysers.

Anritsu Corporation has expanded its Spectrum Master MS2760A ultraportable spectrum analyser series with extended broadband frequency coverage from 9 kHz – 170 GHz, as well as introduced a new series of higher sensitivity models – the Spectrum Master MS2762A - with coverage from 6 GHz to 170 GHz for the most demanding sensitivity requirements.

This family of tablet-driven, pocket-sized solutions combines flexibility and portability with best-in-class dynamic range, allowing design and production engineers to perform basic spectrum measurements, such as channel power, occupied bandwidth, adjacent channel power, and harmonic measurements, on CW signals up to 170 GHz. Together, the Spectrum Master MS276xA family of ultraportable spectrum analysers now provides a full suite of cost-efficient verification tools for a growing number of emerging millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications.

With the addition of two new Spectrum Master MS2760A models and eight introductory Spectrum Master MS2762A instruments, the Spectrum Master MS276xA family of ultraportable spectrum analysers are direct-connect solutions that offer superior dynamic range of typically 108 dB at 70 GHz. The Spectrum Master MS2762A high sensitivity models have typical DANL as low as -141 dBm from 6 GHz to 90 GHz, covering numerous bands starting from midway through the C band all the way through the E band. Above 90 GHz, the typical DANL performance remains superior at -136 dBm to 110 GHz; -129 dBm between 110 and 145 GHz; and -122 dBm between 145 and 170 GHz. This performance allows engineers to see more low-level signals, making the spectrum analysers well suited for numerous applications, including radio astronomy in the D band.

The lower noise floor allows the Spectrum Master MS276xA family to conduct accurate spectrum mask testing of mmWave, point-to-point radios during production. Amplitude accuracy is typically ±1 dB, which provides engineers with greater measurement confidence and improves overall product performance. With a sweep speed of less than 24 seconds (typical, processor speed dependent) over the full 6 GHz to 170 GHz frequency range, the new models shorten test times.

The ultraportable design enables improved accuracy and sensitivity for mmWave measurements by allowing the USB spectrum analysers to be connected directly to the device under test (DUT). This eliminates the need for calibrating external mixers or changing setups to view a different frequency band. Removing banded external mixers also simplifies test setup and conducting measurements.

Expanded OTA testing can be conducted with the ultraportable spectrum analysers, compared to bulky spectrum analysers or power meters with limited power range. They are also 30% less than the cost of traditional mmWave bench spectrum analyzers.

Remote measurements can be made via USB extenders, making the ultraportable spectrum analysers well suited for applications in which tests, such as antenna or path loss measurements, are conducted from a distance. Anritsu has designed the Spectrum Master MS276xA 170 GHz ultraportable spectrum analysers with an advanced GUI that is highly responsive and operates much faster, as well.

The new Spectrum Master MS276xA family provides advantages in many R&D and production applications requiring standard power and CW testing. Among the environments are automotive radar, microwave radios, and mmWave applications above 110 GHz, including object detection radar, radio astronomy, high-resolution military radars and antenna beam pattern testing (in-chamber and outdoors).

#TandM @AnritsuEMEA @Anritsu

Optical spectrum analyser.

Yokogawa Test & Measurement, has for the first time, released a cost-effective instrument optimised for testing telecom devices during and after production.

The new AQ6360 is a benchtop optical spectrum analyser targeted mainly at the production testing of datacom and telecom devices such as laser diodes, optical transceivers and optical amplifiers. It offers a sweep speed twice that of other OSA models designed for R&D purposes, thus improving production throughput, and features the convenient free-space optical input which supports both single-mode and multimode fibre testing.

“In production testing, it is factors such as the speed of measurement, robust design and lower capital cost that make a test instrument appealing to customers”, says Terry Marrinan, Vice-President Sales & Marketing, Yokogawa Europe & South-East Asia: “With the AQ6360, we have produced an instrument that will satisfy the requirement of cost-effectiveness requested by our customer base working for mass production companies without compromising on the quality and reliability for which our instruments are renowned.”

Key performance features include a wavelength range from 1200 to 1650 nm, a selectable wavelength resolution from 0.1 to 2 nm, a high wavelength accuracy of ±0.02 nm, a high dynamic range of 55 dB, and a wide measurement range from +20 to -80 dBm. The wavelength resolution and accuracy are maintained over the whole wavelength range. The AQ6360 has sufficient optical performance to perform accurate measurements on the side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR): a key parameter of laser testing on a production line. The instrument can also be used in conjunction with bit error rate test (BERT) equipment to measure the centre wavelength and spectral width of transceivers and laser diode modules.

The AQ6360 incorporates a new type of monochromator with a simpler design and which is lighter in weight than that fitted to earlier Yokogawa models. As a result, it is more robust and does not require re-alignment if the instrument is moved.

With a compact housing measuring only 4U in height, the AQ6360 is ideally suited to use in space-constrained production environments. The high resolution, responsive 8.4-inch multi-touch capacitive touchscreen makes the operation of the instrument simple and intuitive.

Different from other OSAs having a fibre-coupled input, the AQ6360, thanks to its free-space optical input structure, accepts a multimode optical fibre without being affected by high insertion loss which results from the mismatch between multimode and single-mode fibres. Therefore a free-space laser beam from wafer, chip, or device package can efficiently be captured using a multimode fibre, resulting in further improvements in measurement throughput.

The AQ6360 is ready for remote operation, being equipped as standard with Ethernet and GPIB interfaces for remote access and for building automated test systems. Thanks to the optional built-in wavelength reference source, which enables the wavelength calibration function, the AQ6360 wavelength accuracy is always guaranteed.

@Yokogawa_Europe  #PAutp #TandM

Spectrum analysis on the road!

Anritsu Corporation will be hitting the road again this October to talk to engineers about how they can address the ever-increasing complexity and performance requirements of Spectrum Analysers.

Click for dates & venues!

There will be 36 events in 15 countries across Europe, each taking the form of a one-day seminar which will be divided into several parts designed to cover the key aspects of Spectrum Analyzers and the testing challenges they need to know in order to stay ahead of the game.

Presentations will include:

• Research towards 5G: 28 GHz channel sounder & OTA MMW measurements
• Harmonic versus Fundamental mixer approach
• High-Accuracy level measurement
• RF demodulation of the new standards (5GNR)
• Swept versus FFT versus Real-Time approach

With the increasing number of new applications in wireless technologies, the Spectrum Analyzer has evolved to address the new testing challenges. The key topics of discussion at these events will address some of these challenges and include: implementing a simple channel sounding/measurement system using a standard Vector Signal Analyzer; OTA (Over-The-Air) and Field Test measurements in mmW bands including a look at an innovative drone-based measurement solution; techniques for high-performance mmW measurements using external mixers; the importance of amplitude level flatness in wideband Signal Analyzer measurements; a review of the requirements of 3GPP 5GNR RF measurements; the differences in Spectrum Analyzer architectures; and much more.

The Anritsu “Spectrum Analyzer” European Roadshow will be held at multiple locations across Europe, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain, the Nordic Countries, and more.

@AnritsuEMEA #Europe #TandM #PAuto

Signal Analyzer/Spectrum Analyzer options.

Two new options for Anritsu's Signal Analyzer/Spectrum Analyzer MS2850A have been added to support high speed transfer of captured waveform data to an external computer for post processing and analysis. Combined with the 1-GHz capture and analysis bandwidth, the options expand the capability of the MS2850A to address the needs of emerging wireless networks, including 5G, where experimental and prototype waveforms are being analyzed using simulation and analysis software.

With the new options, the MS2850A provide engineers developing 5G terminals, broadcast satellite communications, wireless communications equipment, and broadband wireless communication systems with a cost-efficient solution to comprehensively verify their high-speed designs. The new options install free software in the external PC to control the MS2850A, and transfer data captured by the MS2850A high-speed over a dedicated USB3.0/PCIe data-transfer interface. The MS2850A-053 option provides a PCIe Gen2 x8 connector to support high-speed external PCIe interfaces, while the MS2850A-054 option utilizes a type-B connector for testing high-speed data transfer from external USB interfaces via USB3.0. These enable data transfer speeds up to 100 times faster than conventional Ethernet ports, cutting the data transfer waiting time from 20 minutes to less than 10 seconds.

In addition to the 1-GHz analysis bandwidth, the Signal Analyzer/Spectrum Analyzer MS2850A has up to 32 GB of built-in waveform capture memory, wide measurement dynamic range of >140 dB and high flatness performance. Two models – with frequency coverage up to 32 GHz and 44.5 GHz, respectively – are available, each with the noise figure (NF) and phase noise performance required for 5G testing.

 @AnritsuEMEA  #Laboratory #TandM

Revolutionary spectrum analyser.

Anritsu is set to revolutionise the test market with the introduction of the Spectrum Master™ MS2760A family, the world’s first ultraportable, millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum analysers that verify high-frequency designs, including those used in 5G and E-band applications.

Leveraging Anritsu’s patented state-of-the-art NLTL Shockline technology, the MS2760A shatters the cost, size, and performance barriers associated with traditional large form factor instruments to more efficiently advance technology development. In addition to 5G and E-band, the MS2760A significantly improves test procedures and lowers the cost-of-test in other fast-growing mmWave applications, such as 802.11ad/WiGig, satellite communications, electronic warfare, and automotive radar.

Lab Benefits
For R&D and test engineers in lab environments, the MS2760A conducts essential spectrum measurements, such as spectrum analysis, channel power, adjacent channel power, spurious emissions, and occupied bandwidth. Users can achieve accuracy never before possible at higher frequencies, as the MS2760A allows measurements to be taken directly at the DUT, unlike benchtop models that require expensive cables that can add loss. Its ability to conduct sweeps from 9 kHz to 110 GHz also improves measurement confidence.

Manufacturing Advantages
Lower cost-of-test in high-volume manufacturing applications is achieved with the Spectrum Master MS2760A, as it is considerably less expensive than benchtop alternatives. Its ultraportable size also adds flexibility to production test of larger products, including those in aerospace and satellite applications. Accuracy is assured in manufacturing environments due to its ability to conduct continuous sweeps across the entire frequency.

Easier Field Testing
The Spectrum Master MS2760A simplifies field testing dramatically. Its ultraportable size allows it to be placed in a technician’s pocket, while its continuous sweep ability and USB-powered form factor using a tablet reduces the amount of equipment a technician must carry. With thousands of technicians testing millions of antennas, the more affordable MS2760A scales easier than other handheld spectrum analyzers, as well.

The Spectrum Master MS2760A has models to support the 32 GHz, 44 GHz, 50 GHz, 70 GHz, and 110 GHz frequencies. A 90-GHz model is also available for countries where an export license is required for analyzers above 90 GHz. It is the latest member of Anritsu’s growing ultraportable analyzer portfolio that also includes the Power Master™ MA24507A mmWave power analyzer and Site Master™ S331P, the lightest, smallest, fastest and most cost-efficient Site Master field cable and antenna analyzer ever developed.

@Anritsu #TandM @AnritsuEMEA #PAuto

Optical spectrum analyser for short-wavelength infrared region.

A new optical spectrum analyser, the AQ6375B,  operating in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) region covering wavelengths from 1200 to 2400 nm has been announced by Yokogawa.  With a design based on the company's highly successful AQ6375 instrument, the new analyser combines high measurement performance with ease of operation, and incorporates a number of new features including a gas purging feature, a built-in cut-off filter, data-logging capabilities, a double-speed mode, and support for Windows file sharing.

The AQ6375B offers high wavelength accuracy of ±0.05 nm (1520 to 1580 nm) ±0.50 nm (full range) and high wavelength resolution of 0.05 nm, a wide close-in dynamic range of 55 dB, and a wide measurement level range from +20 dBm to -70 dBm. The use of an advanced monochromator design helps to separate spectral signals in close proximity to one another, and improves the dynamic range by reducing the influence of stray light.

In conjunction with new high-speed circuitry and noise reduction techniques, the monochromator also enables the AQ6375B to achieve a high measurement speed: up to 0.5 sec/100 nm. The double-speed mode makes it possible to measure an optical signal in half the time compared with the conventional mode, with only a 2 dB penalty over the standard sensitivity value.

A free-space optical input makes it possible to connect multimode and single-mode fibres on the same instrument. It also provides a low and stable insertion loss for multimode fibres, which helps to maintain the excellent measurement efficiency as well as increasing measurement repeatability. The lack of physical contact also eliminates the possibility of damage when fibres are connected.

The new purging feature is designed to minimise the influence of water-vapour absorption on spectral measurements carried out in the SWIR region. By continuously supplying a pure purge gas such as nitrogen to the monochromator through the dedicated connectors on the back panel, these absorption effects are significantly reduced.

Also new is the built-in cut-off filter for the high-order diffracted light generated by the monochromator at wavelengths equal to integral multiples of the input wavelength. By cutting incoming light below 1150 nm with the built-in filter, the AQ6375B reduces the influence of secondary diffracted light on the measurement by 50 dB or more at wavelengths up to about 2300 nm. As a result, the measured data are always reliable and replicate the real signal under test.

A new data-logging function is available on the AQ6375B for recording analysis results such as distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LD) analysis and multi-peak measurements at up to 10,000 points per channel with time stamps. Recorded data can be displayed in table and graphical formats. This function is useful for the long-term stability testing and temperature cycle testing of systems and devices. The optical spectrum of each measurement can also be stored for reviewing and troubleshooting.

For transferring acquired data for subsequent analysis, a Windows file sharing function is available in addition to the existing Ethernet/GPIB and USB interfaces. This uses Windows Explorer to access the user area of internal memory via the Ethernet interface using the Windows SMB (Server Message Block) function.

Applications for the AQ6375B cover the analysis of telecom devices and systems operating in single-mode transmission in all the windows of optical communications from the beginning of the O-band at 1260 nm to the end of the U-band at 1675 nm.

The AQ6375B is also suitable for measurements in other areas such as environmental monitoring - including the sensing of gases such as NOx and CO2 - atmospheric observation, and the medical and biomedical sector for virus sensing and checking surgical equipment. This includes manufacturers of optical devices in these sectors using the AQ6375B for both R&D and production testing.

Web remote tools for spectrum analyser.

Anritsu Company has introduced Web Remote Tools for its Spectrum Master™ MS2720T handheld spectrum analyser that allows the instruments to be controlled from any web-enabled device, including laptops, tablets, and smart phones, over an Ethernet link. Web Remote Tools gives field technicians greater flexibility when conducting measurements and makes it more time- and cost-efficient to conduct RF spectrum monitoring, as well as test Remote Radio Heads (RRUs) and other inaccessible radio units at 3G and 4G base stations.

Once configured, a field technician’s laptop, tablet, or smart phone can be used to control the Spectrum Master handheld spectrum analyzer, download files, or view monitoring results. The easyTest feature of Spectrum Master simplifies complex spectrum monitoring requirements and allows for one-button measurement sequences directly from the web-enabled device. Transferring test results is simplified with Web Remote Tools, as all instrument files, directories and sub-directories can be downloaded as a zip file.

Setup is very quick with Web Remote Tools. Short-range links of up to 300 feet can be created using a pocket Wi-Fi router. Long-range links can be easily established via wired backhaul, as well. Up to five traces per second can be updated using the Spectrum Master fast mode feature, for unprecedented responsiveness.

Multiple Spectrum Master handheld spectrum analyzers can be controlled with one device using Web Remote Tools. Microsoft Windows, Android, iOS, and Linux operating systems are supported. The device must have a current version of either Chrome or Firefox to use Web Remote Tools.

Anritsu’s Spectrum Master handheld spectrum analyzers provide excellent flexibility in field environments for locating, identifying, recording, and solving communication systems problems. Compact models cover 3 GHz, 4 GHz and 6 GHz frequencies, and high-performance analyzers go to 43 GHz, offering benchtop quality measurements in dynamic range, sensitivity, and phase noise. With advanced marker and limit line capabilities, the Spectrum Master handheld analyzers can meet a variety of field measurement needs, including spectrum monitoring, interference analysis, RF and microwave measurements, broadcast proofing, or Wi-Fi and wireless network measurements.