Detecting risky residual currents.

Residual currents in low voltage networks represent a fundamental safety risk, if they go undetected or if they are detected too late. They may cause operations to be interrupted unexpectedly, incurring damage to man and machine and in the final instance, leading to high costs. "Detect early, warn and take action" are the watchwords in risk prevention. Permanent monitoring of residual currents is essential and is used to detect deterioration in the distribution system's insulation in a timely manner.

The residual current module for the SINEAX AM/DM, LINAX PQ and CENTRAX CU series is being introduced by Camille Bauer Metrawatt AG to detect residual currents in electrical systems. It provides an RCM (Residual Current Monitoring) function as well as direct measurement of the earth conductor currents in electrical systems. The RCM function is based on Kirchhoff's First Law (Junction Law). This rule states that in a junction in an electrical network, the sum of the incoming currents is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction. If there is a difference cause by leakage current flowing through the earth, then a residual current is detected and reported. The operator is then requested to take action. The causes of residual current in a system can often originate in defective components, for example in switching power supplies (LED lighting, computers, photovoltaic rectifiers, rapid charge points, etc.), or defective insulation in electrical connections and devices, defective PEN connections, etc.

In the optimum case, six current channels are used for monitoring, as shown here. Channel 5 is used for RCM and Channel 6 is used to directly measure the earth current (up to max. 1,000A).

Measurement of residual currents is performed by residual current transformers. To provide this function, Camille Bauer Metrawatt AG has included residual current transformers to its product portfolio, in bushing-type and split-core versions. An individual alarm threshold and early warning threshold can be defined for each residual current channel. When the alarm threshold is violated, or if the measurement (RCM) conductor is broken, this activates the device's group alarm. Additionally, in devices with a data logger, all status changes are logged in the alarm log and early warning threshold violations are recorded in an event list. The alarm signal can be routed to digital outputs and displayed by the SMARTCOLLECT database software. The residual current values that are currently being measured can be visualised directly on the device display or on the device website (WebGUI) and can also be output on analogue outputs. The values can also be read via bus interfaces.

By recording the average value of the residual current, it is possible to detect a gradual change in the residual current.

The advantages of permanent residual current monitoring are evident. On the one hand, it can eliminate costly periodic manual inspections, which only indicate the status quo at the time of measurement. On the other hand, continuous monitoring improves fire protection and also makes a significant contribution to protection against personal injury and damage to property. Applications for RCM, which is often in used in an energy metering and network quality analysis context, are frequently to be found in data centres, hospitals, hotels and other public buildings (for example shopping centres, airports, etc.), industrial installations, sensitive production units, banks etc. In such cases, to avoid any safety risk, threshold values in compliance with EN 62020 are applied (for example 100 mA).

• Camille Bauer products are marketed in Ireland through Irish Power & Process.

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